![]() ![]() ![]() According to the DPSIR approach, the main driving forces generating pressures on the SNSM are mining projects, water management, agricultural systems, tourism, territorial conflicts and climate change. The aim of this work was to develop a Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework as well as a threat assessment to obtain a generalized view regarding the environmental situation of the SNSM. However, little is known about how human activities are generating significant impacts on this protected ecosystem. Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta (SNSM), Colombia, has been considered the world's most irreplaceable nature reserve. In this chapter, we combine our expertise and research to present an overview of the worldwide taxonomic diversity of the Melastomataceae, including the number of genera and species, geographical distribution, and the main centers of species richness. Members of the Melastomataceae are mostly herbs and shrubs, but there are also climbing lianas, epiphytes, hemiepiphytes, and small-to-emergent trees. Although it occurs in seasonally dry habitats, it does not occur in true desert environments. The family is an important component of tropical ecosystems, especially humid forests, and occurs from sea level to high mountain elevations. About 64% of the species occur in the Americas, 25% in Asia and Oceania, 5.5% in Madagascar, and 5.5% in Africa, without any genus native to both the New World and Old World. The family consists of 173 genera, and, as currently understood, it is divided into 3 clades (subfamilies): the Kibessioideae (15 species), the Olisbeoideae (556 species), and the Melastomatoideae (5287 species) with the majority of the species grouped into 21 tribes. Melastomes are subcosmopolitan and mainly distributed in the tropics and subtropics, with a majority of the species in the Neotropics. The Melastomataceae, with some 5858 species, are among the 10 largest families of flowering plants.
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